The colonial era ends – Mission in a new country
When the British on 15 August 1947 pulled out of India as a colonial power, the country was divided. This was very much against the idea that Mahatma Gandhi had fought for. However, since foundation of the division was religion, the new country was split into two regions with 1600 kms apart, East and West Pakistan respectively. This resulted in a major migration of Muslims settled in the two parts of Pakistan, whereas Hindus in large numbers ‘moved’ to India.
In 1947, the new East Pakistan had a small number of Santal congregations, by now cut off from the rest of the church in India. In the beginning it was possible to cross the border. Santal pastors and individual missionaries came to see the East Pakistan congregations. It was an untenable situation. Something had to happen. An American couple, Louis and John Ottesen, came to East Pakistan in 1956 and settled in the town of Rajshahi to learn the language. The Ottesen Family then moved to Badhar. There a Bible school was established. Soon there was growth in the Santal Church.
In 1959, ‘East Pakistan Evangelical Lutheran Church’ was founded, with John Ottesen as the first general super-intendent. With a now independent church, there was a need for more missionaries from Norway, America and Denmark. Two teams of Norwegian missionaries, Iveland and Øverby, came to the field. In the two northern Districts, Rajshahi and Dinajpur, there is a high concentration of Santals and as in India the social status was characterized by poverty. Education, diaconia, social- and health work were natural parts of the mission service. The vision was to reach all Santal villages with the gospel. A reasonably large, but not necessarily impossible task.
Several Norwegian missionaries arrived. The Norwegian Santal Mission took over a field in Sylhet after the Presbyterian mission. So far, Danish Santal Mission had supported the work of East Pakistan by financial funds, but in the second half of the 1960’s they went actively into the work and was sending missionaries to the field.
Danish Santal Mission in East Pakistan
Saidpur, Bangladesh 1974. Activation of refugees is planned. From right to left: Niels Anton Dam with his son Thorsten and local coworkers. Architect Niels Anton Dam was sent by Danish Santal Mission to East Pakistan, 1966-69, and by Danida to Bangladesh, 1974-77 – here as Head of a big refugee rehabilitation project.
The first Danish missionary couple in East Pakistan was Lis Kirsten and Niels Anton Dam, who arrived in 1966. There was a need for an architect /construction knowledgeable person who could undertake the establishment of a few mission stations. Out of this came two solid ‘stations’, Chapai Nawabganj and Uzipur. More missionaries were needed in East Pakistan. In 1967 Óluva Laksa arrived. And hereafter, another two Danish missionaries came, Ruth Frost and Dagny Svendsgaard. They worked primarily in health care.
The Santal Church now had 1,300 members, most of them poor and many illiterate. There were only two pastors to serve a growing number of congregations, scattered in both Rajshahi and Dinajpur Districts.
A new nation is born
Since establishment of the state of Pakistan in 1947, there were a number of disputes between the two ‘provinces’, East and West Pakistan. They might have religion in common, but language/culture is not the same. Everything was controlled with an ‘iron fist’ by the government of West Pakistan. The conflicts increased. East Pakistan was hit by a major natural disaster in 1970, especially in the southern part of the country. After the disaster, East Pakistan experienced that external aid stranded at government offices in West Pakistan. The public and political climate was now so intense that you could no longer restrain the mistrust of the govern-ment in Rawalpindi (Islamabad). Awami League had a major election victory. The party’s undisputed Leader, Sheik Mujibur Rahman, found that the time had come for secession.
On 26 March 1971 East Pakistan was declared an independent country, Bangladesh. A civil war broke out and raged the following 9 months. The price of freedom was high. When the war ended on 16 December 1971, 2 million people had lost their lives. The material damage to bridges and infrastructure, etc was extensive. An estimated 10 million people, mostly Hindus and Santals had fled to India. Some had relatives there. Most were in refugee camps.
The Bengal country
From the moment Bangladesh in March 1971 was declared independent, it was no longer safe for foreigners to reside in the country. Danish and Norwegian missionaries had to leave the area. Due to the natural disaster shortly before the Civil War, some Danish aid workers, Ulla Bro and Niels Anton Dam, were in an area south working through DanChurchAid (DCA). However, everybody were able to leave the country safely. A few foreigners, John Ottesen and British David Morgen, stayed on during most of the war until the day of liberation.
At the turn of 1971-72, considerations and future planning regarding resumption of work were going on in the home countries. How was it in the new country? With good reason, it was feared that everything might be destroyed in the mission areas! Somebody had to go and see for themselves, to create an overview. On 6 January 1972, through DCA and in cooperation with Norwegian Santal Mission, the experienced East Pakistan Missionary Hans Øverby travelled to Bangladesh, accompanied by his son Trygve and an upcoming Danish Missionary Iver Viftrup.
In January 1972, the situation in the country reflected the truth of the war’s tragic consequences. Villages in ruins and damaged infrastructure. Despite of this, there was a mood of liberation and hope for the future. ‘Joy Bangla’ – Long live Bangladesh, said the people they met on their way. Mission stations of The Santal Mission were almost intact. By contrast, a sad sight met the three-man expedition around the many villages. Virtually all houses were destroyed. Few or no people were present. Gradually people came back marked by harsh experiences from the war.
An emergency relief program was quickly prepared and sent to DCA and Norwegian sponsors. Heat blankets and tent material as immediate assistance. Money for building materials and seeds. Means to address the acute shortage of food and medicine. During February – March 1972 more people joined to make an effort in the relief work, Ulla Bro, Morten Larsen and ex India Missionary Lis Krohn. The latter was commissioned to be in charge of the clinic at Amnura for 6 months. Lots of patients returned from India malnourished and with various ailments. Later in the year Ruth Frost and Dagny Svendsgaard came for a short time. Also Jens Kr. Egedal was involved in relief aid for a few months. There was considerable international goodwill towards the new country. Relief aid was increasing. Western NGOs contributed extensively. Denmark was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh.
A country that needs everything
In the years 1972-76, there were many activities in the Santal Church areas, the two districts of Rajshahi and Dinajpur, and part of Rangpur. Relief aid became development aid: education, health, and social service as a natural part of the mission work in a poor country.
From a church inauguration in Bangladesh – celebrated by Rev. Iver Viftrup. Missionary in Bangladesh, 1972-84. Ordained pastor 1983. Visiting the DBLM Jubilee, 1987.
In autumn 1972, Tove and Iver Viftrup arrived as missionaries. According to plans, they should study the Santali language for future work in the Santal Church. At the Missionary Conference in the autumn they were, at own request, allowed to switch tracks and learn Bengali, the country’s main language. The family was placed in Chapai Nawabganj amid a distinctly Muslim dominated area. Here and there were also groups of Hindus. Many of them had fled to India during the war. Not all had returned.
Work in Chapai Nawabganj approached the Bengal population. As a natural part of the first phase, the work consisted of relief aid mostly in form of a ‘field hospital’, primarily for women and children with disorders often remedied by basic equipment. A range of common medical products and milk powder was provided. And distribution of clothes and blankets helped people through a difficult post-war time. Alongside the ‘relief activities’ it was Christian charity in word and deed. In Chapai a ‘book-café’ with Christian literature was arranged. A group of Hindus started coming to worship in Chapai. On 1 February 1976, 17 families, children and adults, a total of 80 people were baptized. A new phase of missionary work in Bangladesh is taking shape.
A new structure of the Lutheran Mission in Bangladesh
Several Danish missionaries are coming from 1973 and onwards. Everybody learn the Bengali language. In the Santal Church there was a strong growth after the War of Independence. Part of the Santals had been in contact with Christians during their stay in India. A large number took lessons to be baptized. 3,200 new Christians were baptized in 1973 and 40 congregations were added to the Santal Church, now BNELC, Bangladesh Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church.
The Santal Mission tried to meet the demand for more missionaries to work for the church. A pattern began to emerge. The Norwegian missionaries learned Santali and worked with the Santal Church. The Danish missio-naries learned the Bengali language to work among the Bengal population. American missionaries did a little of both. Missionaries were called by the church, BNELC, and the mission in Bangladesh was organized under the BLM, Bangladesh Lutheran Mission. Supreme authority was the annual missionary conference with a mission secretary in the key position. A structure that points back in time as the ‘Indian model’- in the tradition that the role of home countries was to raise money and people / missionaries. And the mission strategy and ‘church policy’ rested with the ‘missionary conference’ and the field management.
Home countries wanted a new structure. They felt that increased participation in decision-making and a three-way division of the countries would benefit the work. Understandable that there was no simple agreement regarding change of great old traditions. Historically primary concern of Norwegian missionaries was to convey the gospel to Santals. It did not really make sense to bring three independent units into cooperation with the Santal Church, whilst at the same time Danish missionaries focused on the Bengali population. The American missionaries were at this time engaged in a vision of a hospital at Parbatipur.
Splitting the BLM in three divisions! Changing the constitution and sharing possessions are never straight-forward issues. Feelings sometimes ran high on missionary conferences in the years 1973 until 1976, when the new organization was about to be in place. Along the way there were close negotiations with the home country boards. Future challenges waited ahead and they were plenty.
BLM, Bangladesh Lutheran Mission became BLM-N, BLM-A and BLM-D. Later came a Finnish branch: BLM-F. The model also meant that all branches of the BLM annually gathered to GA (General Assembly) – A Joint meeting. Purpose: to strengthen the unity and spiritual community in ‘the Lutheran family’ and discuss common challenges for mutual enjoyment and enrichment. The new structure would prove to have a positive impact with room for new visions. The new structure also contributed to greater job satisfaction and a more confident climate of cooperation.
BLM-N – The Norwegian branch. Norwegians concentrated on the Santal Church from the two main mission stations, Amnura and Auliapur (Dinajpur) and in addition, Uzipur mission station located in an area with many Santals and other tribes. In the town of Dinajpur the Norwegians built an ‘Educational Centre’. And in the western part of Rangpur District a boarding school for girls was built. The effort was concentrated on education – also of evangelists and pastors to work in the growing Santal Church.
In the town of Rajshahi a hostel for young Santal women was built as a base for their further education. Óluva Laksa` was again back in the field and became responsible for this. Likewise, a student hostel was built for young Santal men in preparation to further education.
Several Danish missionaries arrived during 1974-75, including Elsebeth and Jens Fischer-Nielsen. Initially located in Rajshahi and involved in ‘Boys’ hostel’. During these years The Santal Church was supplied with many resources and new missionaries. The new structure has hardly been a disadvantage for the Santal Church probably quite the contrary.
BLM-A – The American branch. Even before the Civil War in 1971, John Ottesen had a vision of the mission building a hospital with Christian testimony and charity by the railway junction Parbatipur. A piece of land was bought but civil war and other things got in the way.
Shortly after the war ended, more American missionaries came to Bangladesh. Kathy and Arthur Bliese who only stayed a few years in the country. Karen and Ed Scott, on the other hand stayed for many years and became the main driving force of the project a well-equipped hospital, by now known as the LAMB Hospital. Several new missionaries arrived, mainly Americans. The large staff of local doctors, nurses and other professionals working at the hospital stayed with their families and therefore it was needed to offer schooling. LAMB established a school on site which in addition to the staff children also can accommodate a number of students from the local area. The school principal has for several years been Christian Vestergaard whose parents were missionaries in Bangladesh.
Both hospital and school enjoy high recognition in the area. One of the hospital specialties are births. A high standard and ‘research,’ particular with reference to give children born premature the best possible start in life, has even been recognized by the Ministry of Health.The hospital serves a large ‘fringe area’ and from this place the Christian faith is conveyed in word and deed. This happens despite the fact that from time to time ‘elements’ are trying to cause unrest and harm the work. But still here in 2016, after many years of efforts in the name of charity LAMB is a green oasis in a huge sea of people.
BLM-D – The Danish branch. The Mission station in Chapai Nawabganj was at first base for Danish missionary work but new areas came rapidly. In the town of Saidpur in Rangpur District the population mainly consists of Bihari’s. A group derived from Bihar in northern India who speaks Urdu and regrettably was Western Pakistan oriented during the war. Consequence: a large, unknown number of women were widowed during the war. A disastrous situation especially in a Muslim country. To help these widows, Danish Santal Mission had for a number of years a project by the name Saidpur SELF HELP. The Dam family came to be in charge of this project. As experienced missionaries from previous stays in the country Niels Anton and Lis could make a determined effort to teach ‘self-help’.
In 1974, a new missionary couple Karen and Knud Persson arrived to start an agricultural project in Chapai with support from Danida. Diesel pumps to irrigate the fields and building of an associated repair workshop. This makes it possible to grow three crops a year. The project benefited many farmers in the local area. To feed the rapidly growing population there is a great need for effective agricultural practices. Today in the year 2016, irrigation is widespread across the country. The green rice fields can be seen all year and not only during the rainy season. Hanne and Arthur Knudsen were sent by Danida as leaders of the agricultural project in Chapai, 1983-84. Subsequently the project was transferred to an NGO. A health clinic was built in Chapai mainly for care and treatment of women and children. For some years, people responsible for the clinic were missionaries on site. A good national team was affiliated. Also this work was continued by a local NGO.
Sher-e-Bangla Orthopaedic Hospital in Dhaka
In 1973, by the request of an American orthopedic surgeon, Dr Garst, Grethe Madsen came to Bangladesh. Grethe Madsen had been a missionary nurse for many years working at the hospital in Mohulpahari, India. In Dhaka her task was as matron to be in charge of training and organization of nursing at the newly established hospital. Sher-e-Bangla Hospital would especially take care of people with war injuries and was the only hospital which at the time could offer orthopedic treatment on a high professional level. For many years Grethe Madsen left her stamp on nursing. At one point the hospital was transferred to local leadership with ‘ordinary’ orthopedic surgery as a specialty.
Nilphamari – The Leprosy Project
DBLM, Danish Bangladesh Leprosy Mission. At the end of 1974, Tove and Iver Viftrup received a request by Danish Santal Mission to enter a leprosy project. The Santal Mission also worked with leprosy in India. Indirectly it came to The Santal Mission’s attention that also Bangladesh had many lepers especially in the northern part of the country.
In Bangladesh we cannot afford to discard dressings only used once. A man is employed to wash and arrange them for reuse.
A new project first had to be planned and negotiated with the country’s health authorities. Many trips to Dhaka, negotiations with the central authorities, and other serious incidents later – including the assassination of the country’s first Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – we managed to get the leprosy project approved in the beginning of 1976. Along the way there was good support from the experienced retired India Missionary Oluf Eie who visited the country several times. Location of project: Nilphamari in the northern part of the country. In autumn 1976, Tove and Iver Viftrup were ready to begin construction of the leprosy project. Existing buildings could be renovated and function as a hospital. Administration facilities and staff housing were built. Niels Anton Dam undertook a ‘consultancy work’ with advice and preparation of drawings.
In early July 1977, the hospital officially opened with 50 beds. The Danish Charge`d` affaires Svend Bjerregaard and wife Karen and a number of Bengali officials attended the party. Operating theater, laboratory, physiotherapy, bandagist- and shoe workshop were established. Likewise clinics and outpatient activities. An important part of the task was to carry out information campaigns to inform the public that leprosy can be cured. Local people were trained. The first doctor on site was the Irish Esther Leddy. From Denmark the doctor couple Ingrid and Jørgen Steiner came and put a lot of work into the project. DanChurchAid sent medical student Thomas Ibsen with his wife Jette and Agnethe Brøgger. They were assigned to the work for a number of years.
Over the years quite a few foreigners were employed in the leprosy work, an English doctor couple, a Finnish doctor, and as short-time envoys previous India missionaries Dr Johs. G. Andersen and Dr Otto Forman, and Lena Hagelskjær as well. Emissaries through the years in management, administration and nursing were Ruth and Jens Kr. Egedal, Bente Birkmose, Dagny and John Nielsen, Susanne and Jens Møller Pedersen, Anna Sloth and Jørgen Andersen, Anne Else and Bjarne Søltoft Pedersen.
Already in the first phase, the project got a satellite hospital with an associated clinic in north western Thakur-gaon. Later a well-equipped educational center was built by the hospital in Nilphamari. From the beginning rehabilitation has been an essential element. Leprosy work enjoys great respect and recognition from the local population and authorities. A great privilege to be able to help people who otherwise would be reduced to a life of begging.
From the beginning a church was built on site. From here the gospel of God’s love and forgiveness sounds every Sunday. Charity speaks strongly through leper-care work. The project has undergone many changes along the way. There are fewer lepers today. New tasks are addressed. The site has skilled national leaders and a good staff. From 1996, TLMI (The Leprosy Mission International), had responsibility for the work supported by the Danish branch of TLMI.
Church Service of Bangladesh Lutheran Church – BLC, Birganj 2001.
Bangladesh Lutheran Church – BLC
Not only Santals had escaped to India but also quite a few Bengals with Hindu background. The majority of them returned to Bangladesh, but their situation had become difficult and uncertain. The previous relatively good relationship between Hindus and Muslims was damaged. More and more people with Hindu background sought the mission/church. It started gradually with a few here and there who were taught and baptized. Formally they became members of the Santal Church, BNELC, although being Bengalis with a different culture and language.
An annual report of 1979 shows that there were only very few Bengali-speaking members of the church, but that this group preferred an independent church. The ‘very few’ turned out to be 400 baptized Bengali mem-bers. The idea of forming a new Lutheran church was not very popular. The Board of Danish Santal Mission as well as missionaries in the field had no doubts. A door had opened to a large group of Bengali-speaking people. It was essential to seize this opportunity. And therefore important to create an independent Bengal Church. Fortunately this was the conclusion.
The Santal Church asked one of the experienced pastors, Maidas Marndi to be available during a transition period. By this, BNELC also handed over ‘ordination of pastors’ to the new church. A nice gesture. The new Bengal Church, Bangladesh Lutheran Church – BLC, was founded in the days 26 – 29 November 1979. The Danish Santal Mission Vice Chairman, former India Missionary Jens Verner Olsen attended the event. In the early years of the church, Danish missionaries Jens Fischer-Nielsen, Morten Larsen and Morten Mortensen had an important role in design of liturgy and building of BLC.
Grundtvig’s thoughts of popular culture and Christianity
Although the distance from Denmark to Bangladesh is significant, the idea that a people’s common language and culture can be important for life and growth of a church is not far away. In the first 10 years BLC grew from 400 to 3,000 members. It is natural to talk about a ‘National church in Bengali dress’.
The two Lutheran churches BNELC and BLC have collaborated on some common challenges. From the very beginning there was a greater emphasis on BLC being a church with a high degree of independence in structure and regulations. ‘Self-government, Self-funding, Self-distributing’ – a fourth ‘S’ can be added, the church theology must also be Self-grown’.
Church growth, education and poverty
A big challenge lay ahead. Gradually more missionaries arrived to the field. Ulla Bro and Morten Larsen, Kirsten and Jens Vestergaard, Morten Mortensen, Inger and Filip Engsig-Karup, Anni and Flemming Schrøder, Bodil Noer Pedersen, Anne Margrethe Zachariasen, Tove Andreasen, and a few short ‘stays’, Søren Lottrup, Inge and Egon Lauridsen, Else and Frode Gimm. After a few years with the work in leprosy, Tove and Iver Viftrup also became part of the BLC work. And at a time, Laila and Tage H. Sørensen were employed with base in Dhaka. The South-South missionaries, Teresa Chai and Moses Muthusami from Malaysia worked as missionaries in Bangladesh. All with various education and background that could be used in the vast spectrum of challenges, of both church and developmental character.
The majority of BLC members in the new congregations were people from poor backgrounds. Many were illiterate. Although Hindu background, there are social/cultural differences from the officially non-existent caste system. Low caste people do not easily become equals to high caste people even if you are part of the Christian community where everyone is equal. The challenges stood in line for both mission and church. What do you do with polygamy when people become Christians! And what about burial customs! Hindu tradition is cremation. The missionaries wanted these issues solved by the Bengalis themselves. A process, a balancing act, and a question of empathy, understanding and good judgement. Especially in the beginning it was often asked: What do missionaries think about this and that! If the principle of independence would make sense the first priority was education. Partly to provide pastors and leaders for the church, and partly an overall general education/training of the BLC children, adolescents and adults.
Bangladesh Lutheran Church. From the 10th anniversary of BLC, 13/11/1989. The Holy Communion, distributred by among others Rev. Morten Larsen and the DSM Chairman, Rev. Thorkild Schousboe Laursen.
Harowa and Birganj Mission Stations – Saraswatipur Boarding School
Two centers/mission stations were built to the north. Harowa near Nilphamari and Birganj in the north of Dinajpur. In these areas there is a fairly large Hindu population. Approximately midway between Chapai Nawabganj and the two ‘northern’ centers, a boarding school was built in Saraswatipur. These locations reflect the large spread of BLC`s congregations. This is also a challenge in terms of structure and unity in the church.
In Saraswatipur Boarding School children from the poorest families of BLC get their elementary schooling. It is followed by a scholarship program for further education. For several years a large number of village schools were built and managed around in the BLC area. The local school system at the time was very ‘inadequate’.
An important project is also the ‘cooperative movement SUPOTH’ (the good way). Saving groups at local level. Small-savings are rewarded with ‘loans’ to develop local projects that can improve the social/health standard. The borrowed funds are payed back and included in new projects. For several years a number of craft educa-tions were carried out such as: carpenter/joiner, tailor, weaver, blacksmith, motorcycle repairman. Soon development also put IT and computer knowledge on the list.
Pastors and leaders in the BLC
Pastoral education was of great importance. This happened at the CCTB, Christian College of Theology in Bangladesh, near Dhaka. Due to inadequate schooling only a few had sufficient knowledge to undergo theological training. In the beginning at Bachelor level. Later more could take a full theological education. CCTB also offers short courses and TEE – theological education as ‘home study’. Danish Santal Mission/Danmission has consistently supported the faculty in different ways. Nowadays the BLC includes people educated on multiple levels in pastoral and management functions.
The question of paid or unpaid positions in the BLC was a difficult issue to handle. Many salaried positions would make the church dependent on external funds. The perfect model has not yet been invented, but one close to optimal – as relatively few including full time pastors are paid. The few ‘full-time pastors’ can only serve the congregations at long intervals. Therefore, the term ‘parish pastors’ was introduced. People with a good reputation and knowledge base can take care of the Sunday service, as a ‘parish-clerk-service’. ‘The common priesthood’ translated into reality. Additionally, there are partially paid and unpaid people who have different tasks in the church. To reach new groups evangelists were hired on short-term basis. Church growth continued for the first decades of BLC. Today BLC has many well-educated members.
Diaconia and BLC
A few of the missionaries in Bangladesh were people with a deacon training. The Deacon Union, Aarhus Deacon School, with at the time President Poul Viftrup as initiator, created an interest and collected funds to establish a deacon school in Bangladesh. It was completed in 1983 at Harowa mission/church center. For a number of years quite a few deacons were educated here. And in parish service they have contributed with good and solid efforts. Through their service they have supported both church life and village community.
Basically the various programs/projects were a separate part of the BLC but gradually giving the church people more influence/responsibility. However, The BLC history is also the story of a church that has been through many crises. Often associated with management of money and ‘who gets the best position’ in the church or projects.
Mission strategy was to phase out the dispatch of missionaries to BLC around the year 2000. A strategy that did not settle well with everyone. To make Danmission in Bangladesh more contemporary, the Missionaries Christa and Peter Herum have been based in Dhaka while also responsible for work in Cambodia. More than 10 years ago, internal problems in BLC led to the church being divided into two. The split among other issues has led to a process of Danmission phasing out most of their commitment to the BLC.
The ‘Bangladesh Support Group’
The Bangladesh Support Group – a movement with ‘church to church’ commitment. The group consisting of former missionaries and faithful volunteers today makes a relentless effort to help and support the BLC. One of the efforts is former Bangladesh missionaries traveling on short stays, where courses are offered in congre-gation building, good governance and management principles. Activities are taking place in consultation with Danmission. Additionally, funds are channeled to work of the church.
The church growth means that hope is alive even though ‘The wind blows wherever it pleases’ (John’s Gospel, 3:8). Despite sometimes a strong headwind it is good to know that the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit, always have objective and direction. The Kingdom of God can grow in any weather.
Missionary Children
The Boarding Assistant, Kirsten Schmidt, with a group of children at the Norwegian School in Kathmandu, Nepal, 1991.
For years there were many Danish missionary families with school children. At the time, the Norwegian School in Kathmandu was the best option. Being a missionary child and sent to boarding school is a special story with quite a few aspects that follow a child and the family through the rest of their lives in both good and bad.
A Danish hymn by Jørgen Gustava Brandt says: ‘Think that life is costing life, it’s always the same price’. Woven into the mysteries of life there are glimpses of paradise when we sing today’s praise of life’s great moments. Growing up under distant skies and commitment to the mission gives a special resonance in life!
Pastor Iver Viftrup
February 2016
View more photos from Bangladesh here
Rev. dato: 24. August 2018
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